In this article, you’ll learn about data frames in R; how to create them, access their elements and modify them in your program.
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Data frame is a two dimensional data structure in R. It is a special case of a list which has each component of equal length.
Each component form the column and contents of the component form the rows.
Check if a variable is a data frame or not
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We can check if a variable is a data frame or not using the
class()
function.In this example,
x
can be considered as a list of 3 components with each component having a two element vector. Some useful functions to know more about a data frame are given below.Functions of data frame
How to create a Data Frame in R?
We can create a data frame using the
data.frame()
function.For example, the above shown data frame can be created as follows.
Notice above that the third column,
Name
is of type factor, instead of a character vector.By default,
data.frame()
function converts character vector into factor.To suppress this behavior, we can pass the argument
stringsAsFactors=FALSE
.Many data input functions of R like,
read.table()
, read.csv()
, read.delim()
, read.fwf()
also read data into a data frame.How to access Components of a Data Frame?
Filmstro pro 2 v2 0 52. Components of data frame can be accessed like a list or like a matrix.
Accessing like a list
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We can use either
[
, [[
or $
operator to access columns of data frame.Accessing with
[[
or $
is similar. However, it differs for [
in that, indexing with [
will return us a data frame but the other two will reduce it into a vector.Accessing like a matrix
Data frames can be accessed like a matrix by providing index for row and column.
To illustrate this, we use datasets already available in R. Datasets that are available can be listed with the command
library(help = 'datasets')
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We will use the
trees
dataset which contains Girth
, Height
and Volume
for Black Cherry Trees.A data frame can be examined using functions like
str()
and head()
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We can see that
trees
is a data frame with 31 rows and 3 columns. We also display the first 3 rows of the data frame.Now we proceed to access the data frame like a matrix.
We can see in the last case that the returned type is a vector since we extracted data from a single column.
This behavior can be avoided by passing the argument
drop=FALSE
as follows.How to modify a Data Frame in R?
Data frames can be modified like we modified matrices through reassignment.
Adding Components
Rows can be added to a data frame using the
rbind()
function.Similarly, we can add columns using
cbind()
.Since data frames are implemented as list, we can also add new columns through simple list-like assignments.
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Deleting Component
Data frame columns can be deleted by assigning
NULL
to it.Framer-x
Similarly, rows can be deleted through reassignments.
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